A benchmarking tool designed to help flight department managers create budgets for the next year.
This year’s Operations Planning Guide covers turbine-powered, in-production aircraft. For out-of-production aircraft data contact AirPower Software Group. Aircraft operating costs are presented in a format that separates information into six areas: direct costs, fixed costs, variable costs, annual cockpit subscription services costs, annual cabin services costs and annual trip support costs.
Aircraft Category Aircraft are grouped into six categories reflecting similarity of aircraft size, mission and operations. Category 1 aircraft are turboprops weighing less than 12,500 lb. and very-light jets weighing less than 10,000 lb.; Category 2, multiengine turboprops weighing 12,500 lb. or more and light jets weighing 10,000 to 19,999 lb.; Category 3, jets weighing 20,000 to 29,999 lb.; Category 4, jets weighing 30,000 to 40,999 lb.; Category 5, jets weighing 41,000 lb. and up; and Category 6, ultra-long-range jets with NBAA IFR ranges above 6,000 nm. Certain data are common to all aircraft in a category for purposes of calculating mission cost by listed range including airframe systems parts and labor, engine reserves, APU reserves, and propeller reserves for turbo-prop aircraft. Fixed costs, annual cockpit subscription services costs, annual cabin services costs and annual trip support costs are provided for reference only and are not included in the direct cost figure for each of the mission ranges (300 nm, 600 nm, 1,000 nm, 3,000 nm and 6,000 nm).
BCA Equipped Price This number is taken from BCA’s 2022 Q2 Purchase Planning Handbook and reflects BCA-equipped, completed aircraft. The listed price is based on the latest model produced.
Direct Costs Direct costs are calculated based on the business aircraft missions shown in BCA’s 2022 Purchase Planning Handbook. Three missions are shown for each aircraft: 300 nm, 600 nm and 1,000 nm. Ultra-long-range aircraft (Category 6) missions are 1,000 nm, 3,000 nm and 6,000 nm. The fuel expense for each mission is based on the fuel burn figure for the mission, provided by the OEM, and calculated under conditions shown in the Handbook. Missions are calculated utilizing the manufacturer’s recommended cruise setting; therefore, cruise settings may vary from aircraft to aircraft, i.e., max cruise versus long range. Where the aircraft cannot cover the mission distance with an 800-lb. (four-passenger) payload, BCA shows a reduction in payload or a reduction in mission length at the editor’s option. Direct costs include a bundling of mission fuel consumed from the Purchase Planning Handbook, maintenance labor, parts and reserve costs from the variable costs section of this Guide, apportioned to the actual flight time for the listed nm mission length. Fuel price used is based on a nationwide average price of $6.94 per gallon for Jet-A at press time. Fuel consumption calculations account for taxi, takeoff, climb, cruise, descent and landing for the applicable mission as appropriate for the aircraft category. (Note: Longer missions will lower average hourly fuel burns due to more time in cruise; conversely, shorter missions will increase average hourly fuel burn figures since proportionally more time is spent in the takeoff and climb phase rather than cruise.) Fixed Costs (Annual) This area of expense includes those costs that must be borne by a flight department irrespective of the level of aircraft utilization. The years 2020-22 have been transitional years, particularly for flight department salaries due to the impact of the COVID-19 economic shutdown followed by renewed emphasis on flying privately over the last 18 months. Airline demand for qualified pilots is robust as passenger loads exceed pre-COVID-19 levels. Salary surveys published this year quickly become obsolete as the economy retains momentum. This year is shaping up as a mixed bag of good economic news and higher inflation as demand and supply shifts toward hiring of qualified flight crews in the airline and corporate segments. Most corporate operators are facing tough competition for qualified crews. Compensation adjustment including longer-term incentives are escalating to prevent migration to airlines or other opportunities. Salaries: Included are salaries for flight crew, cabin crew and director of maintenance where appropriate. The overarching message for 2022 at press time from Sheryl Barden, CEO at Aviation Personnel International, is: “We have seen a return of robust flight operations with a one-two punch of additional emphasis on hiring qualified flight crewmembers to meet increased mission needs and increasing staffing levels to even out crew workloads. The aircraft management company sector is facing the same pressures on hiring and crew salaries. Fractional and charter operators are also in the hiring mode as their demand increased over the last 12 months. Airline pilots have been called back from furlough, and airlines are actively hiring, using creative means to fill positions. The pilot shortage is again significant,” says Barden. She sees business aviation flight departments hiring more staff to accommodate increased flying and a work-life balance. However, given the shortage of pilots and wage pressures that continue to increase, “sustainable salary growth may become an issue at the current pace,” she adds. “Corporate flight department crew retention remains paramount as the economy continues to open up. Salary adjustments for 2022 resumed an upward trajectory this year in anticipation of having to make significant operational adjustments in the next year or two. Salary increases for flight departments in 2023 are anticipated to be more normalized (in the 3-5% range). Overall, business flying has been impacted by qualified crew supply and increased hiring competition. There is no ‘one-size-fits-all’ formula that can be applied to define current conditions,” she states. Barden believes retention strategies including “bonuses, restricted stock, work-life balance and general working conditions in flight departments, large or small, play key roles in mitigating personnel churn and attracting talent when needed.” She also cautions that “maintenance professionals continue to be in short supply with salaries rising to retain and attract new talent. Directors of maintenance play a crucial role and can have a direct impact on airframe resale value by ensuring a high degree of aircraft maintenance and repair status along with associated documentation.” This year, we also spoke with Christopher M. Broyhill, certified aviation manager and CEO at AirComp Calculator, to discuss compensation strategies and salary survey results. He shared data-driven comments and advice for aviation decision-makers as follows: “The multiple survey average for total cash compensation change from 2021 and 2022, across 14 distinct positions was about 5%, far lower than I expected, and I live in the business aviation compensation world. The averages for some positions decreased. However, for the four positions identified in the Operations Planning Guide, Broyhill breaks out the typical salary adjustments for 2022, per the survey average for yearly change: chief pilot/captain, +9.5%; first officer, -6.6%; cabin crew (flight attendant), +9%; director of maintenance, +4.7%. This survey data contradicts conventional wisdom. Broyhill says, “I’m not sure what to make of that. However, there are elements of the datasets that were different, or perhaps the large compensation changes we saw from 2020 to 2021 caused some employers to cut back on increases for 2022. One thing is certain: Anecdotal stories of large compensation increases are common in the industry and the demand for aviation personnel, particularly pilots and technicians, is not going to abate anytime soon. If I were in a leadership position and trying to pay my personnel competitively, I wouldn’t use the 2021-22 data as a sign that wage growth is slowing. I would continue to pay at the leading edge because there are other employers who can and will pay more.” In summary, variation across the industry relative to total compensation is making hiring decisions more complicated. Therefore, benefits are not a calculated factor in salary estimates that would ordinarily cover health care, retirement, bonuses, restricted stock and other benefits typical for a corporate flight department. Salary data are based on available insights from varied industry sources including Aviation Personnel International and AirComp Calculator. Flight Crew Recurrent Training: Expenses shown are based on average transaction costs for representative aircraft models. Actual expenses can vary due to market capacity fluctuations, changes in training locations, and other factors such as training volume and length of commitment. The crew training landscape continues to evolve, particularly with new demands on training supply capacity due to growth in business aviation. Additionally, there has been continued expansion of in-aircraft or hybrid training options (flight training device with in-aircraft training) for non-type-rated turboprop aircraft as well as several owner-flown jets. Insurance underwriters continue to expand the number of approved training providers for these platform types, and many operators are seeking training options that are closer to their base location, or that require less time away from it. Training expenses shown are based on average transaction costs for representative aircraft models, or OEM contracted rates. Actual expenses can vary due to market capacity fluctuations, changes in training locations, and other factors such as training volume and length of commitment. Cabin Crew Recurrent Training: These expenses are provided as budgetary planning numbers only. Maintenance Training: This estimated cost is per-technician and includes initial maintenance training on an aircraft model. Data reflected here was initially compiled by ARGUS. Hull and Liability Insurance: Aircraft hull and liability (and all aviation insurance in general) premiums remain in focus since last year’s Operations Planning Guide, particularly for single-pilot, owner-flown, high-asset-value aircraft. Annual premium increases have dramatically slowed from the 35%+ increases seen two years ago, to a more-sustainable single-digit upward pace, notes Tom Hauge, national sales director at Wings Insurance. However, the hot-button topic is “escalating airframe values over the last year and low inventory availability for sale. Naturally, aircraft owners and buyers alike are adjusting to upward pressure on airframe valuations, changes in insured values and the attendant impact on premiums,” he says. Hauge is closely watching war risk and confiscation of commercial aircraft with the potential to impact aviation insurers as one of the largest loss events in aviation insurance history. He says insurance companies are watching this and are in a waiting to see how the issue evolves. “The aviation insurance industry is one massive risk and financial pool. Everyone will be affected if the pool is drained by covering losses due to confiscated aircraft,” he notes. Therefore, market forces will continue to impact premiums: global catastrophic property/casualty loss events, aviation losses in the sector (aircraft hull and liability claims), cost of repairs and loss of underwriting facilities over the last several years, and limited competition and reduced capacity. All these factors have made the smaller market space restrictive on high hull and liability limit aircraft along with continuing to drive tighter requirements on pilot qualifications. Hull and liability rates reflected in the Operations Planning Guide are established based on key experience and type-specific training as noted below. Actual premiums can vary significantly from those noted in 2022 and beyond. Hauge shared additional guidance for this year’s Operations Planning Guide. “My job as an insurance broker is akin to that of a salesman. I work to position the buyer in the best possible light to the underwriter. The level of thoroughness and details on a particular risk achieved through interviews with my clients can directly correlate to the quality of the market results. Come prepared to give your broker all the information needed to put you in front of an underwriter.” Your broker will specifically ask about your:
Your broker will also dig into your aircraft use case for the aircraft including:
Hauge advises, “When you get down to the last step of selecting one insurance policy over another, choose the proper policy for broadness of coverage, liability limit needs, checkout or transition requirements, and, finally, pricing.” Other considerations include: Do you plan to dry lease time in the aircraft to a third party? Does the policy cover this use? Can dry leasing be added to the policy, and if so, at what additional cost? What minimum experience requirements do your pilots need to have to be approved by the policy underwriting company or what might be the requirements/minimum experience threshold to add additional pilots? Do all your pilots hold these qualifications and experience, and if not, what will be required to have them approved by the insurance underwriting company? Also, some insurers will mandate simulator-based training for the pilots—some allow training to be completed in-aircraft—so this topic should be addressed with your broker when reviewing insurance quotes from various underwriting carriers. These are just examples to consider, says Hauge. “When you review your policy choices, make sure all your missions/usage, pilots, etc. are covered. Without this knowledge, you could find yourself in an uncovered situation, responsible for a multitude of damages. With the right broker by your side, and the proper information, timing and knowledge about your policy, you can smoothly navigate the aviation insurance purchasing process and gain a policy that best fits your needs.” Insurance estimates are based on the aircraft being flown by professional, simulator-trained flight crews or well-qualified pilots with sufficient PIC time in type, particularly for the owner-flown, single-pilot class platforms. In other words, best-case scenario as opposed to minimum qualification scenarios.” Hull Insurance per $100: This is the factor used as a multiplier to arrive at the total annual cost of hull insurance for a particular aircraft. It is derived from actual aviation insurers’ quotes. Insurance quotes can vary depending upon whether the aircraft is covered under a fleet policy or a standalone policy. The first number reported is the estimated annual cost of hull insurance for a particular aircraft based on its BCA-equipped price as reported in the 2022 Purchase Planning Handbook. The cost is computed by multiplying the cost per $100 of hull insurance factor by the BCA-equipped aircraft price. The figure includes war risk coverage, which constitutes on average $0.03 to $0.05 per $100 of hull insurance. Liability Insurance per $M: This figure represents the total annual cost for liability insurance for an aircraft model. Aircraft in Categories 1 and 2 are assumed to carry $5 million in liability insurance; Category 3 aircraft carry $100 million; and Categories 4 through 6 carry $200 million to $500 million in liability insurance coverage depending on make and model. The annual cost is computed by multiplying the amount of liability coverage in millions by a per $M factor supplied by a leading provider of this type of insurance coverage. Hangar/Office: Expenses shown here are based on national average annual costs reported by flight departments in 2017 and escalated for 2022 based on the annual rate of expected inflation. The figures shown in each cost area are broken down by the six aircraft categories and will generally be the same for all aircraft included in the same category. This figure is an annual cost per aircraft and includes hangar and office rent as well as additional facilities costs such as utilities, ground upkeep, snow removal, janitorial service and insurance (other than aircraft insurance). It is valid to multiply the figure by the number of aircraft in a fleet to arrive at a total flight department cost. Actual rental costs will vary widely from one geographical area to another.
Maintenance Software: This figure represents the average annual cost for a software program to track maintenance activities, intervals and expenses. It represents an average cost and should be utilized as a budgetary planning estimate.
Variable Costs (Per Flight Hour) These expenses are directly related to operation of the aircraft and are represented as an hourly cost figure. Included are airframe systems parts and labor expense, and engine, APU, avionics and propeller reserves expenses as appropriate. It is assumed that in-production aircraft are covered by manufacturer’s warranty. Figures shown are based on aircraft OEM direct estimates with warranty effect incorporated unless otherwise noted. For OEMs that did not participate this year, an inflation escalation was added to the most-current available data and noted in the remarks section. Labor expense is computed by multiplying the maintenance labor hours per flight hour ratio by the nationwide average service center hourly maintenance labor cost (Category 1: $120/hr.; Category 2: $120/hr.; Category 3: $125/hr.; Category 4: $130/hr.; Category 5: $140/hr.; Category 6: $140/hr.). Labor expenses for each category noted here were used in the preparation of aircraft maintenance labor costs per flight hour. Airframe Systems Parts and Labor: This figure is a model-specific hourly expense with warranty considered. It should be noted that warranty periods and coverage vary from OEM to OEM and are not specifically defined in this description. Contact the OEM for policies related to new aircraft warranty and pre-owned aircraft within the warranty period for transfers related to the airframe, engines, APUs and avionics. The following descriptions define how maintenance man-hours and parts expense were calculated into mission costs: Maintenance Labor Hours per Flight Hour: An aircraft manufacturer-supplied ratio of maintenance man-hours per flight hour. The number reflects an average for the first five years of operation while under warranty, including scheduled maintenance and unscheduled maintenance events. Maintenance man-hours per flight hour are multiplied by the corresponding labor rate, by aircraft category and incorporated into the Airframe Systems Parts and Labor variable cost figure line item. Parts Expense: This hourly expense is derived from model-specific manufacturer’s quotes and includes parts expense for airframe systems. Parts expenses provided by the OEM have warranty taken into consideration. It should be noted that some warranty periods cover time frames less than five years but are not specifically called out in the Operations Planning Guide. Airframe systems parts calculations assume unscheduled maintenance events would be covered by warranty and do not include reserves for engine or APU overhauls, hot sections, long-range maintenance events or propeller reserves. Those items are listed separately in the Variable Costs section. Avionics repair costs during the warranty period would also be covered by OEM warranty and, therefore, no reserve costs are shown for Category 1-6 aircraft. Regulatory mandates should be separately budgeted for when evaluating operating costs for each aircraft. Engine Reserves and APU Reserves (where applicable): These expenses are based on OEM input for in-production aircraft where provided. Engine and APU OEMs and third-party service providers offer programs designed to fix or cover an operator’s scheduled and unscheduled maintenance requirements on a per-hour, fee-paid basis. Engine and or APU loaners may not be covered by these programs for unscheduled events resulting in significant out-of-service time for the aircraft. Consult policy terms and conditions or the service provider for specifics. Avionics Reserves: Avionics reserves for Categories 1-6 are assumed not to be applicable due to OEM warranty coverage during the first five years of operation following entry into service. Additionally, upgrades to cover regulatory mandates are not factored in hourly operating costs. Propeller Reserves (where applicable): These expenses are based on OEM input for in-production turboprop aircraft. Annual Cockpit Subscription Costs These expenses are related to cockpit navigation equipment database updates, safety services associated with flight planning, and other services associated with flight operations. These services are typically purchased through the OEM in the case of FMS and GPS navigators or ground proximity system databases, and service providers for datalink, flight planning, charts and graphs and digital weather-related products. Information in this section is dependent on cockpit avionics configuration and pricing offered at the time of aircraft delivery, or as contracted with a cockpit services provider. Procurement of subscription services from a provider that offers training support on use of products as well as troubleshooting, system configurations on-wing and satellite communication link setup for service delivery where needed are highly desirable support elements. Typical subscription costs that vary depending on mission needs are reflected in this section. However, annual aircraft utilization and bundling of other services may reduce these expenses. Navigation and EGPWS/TAWS Databases: Annual subscription prices are derived from OEM data sources or estimated where OEMs do not publish publicly available pricing, and therefore should be viewed as directionally correct for budgetary planning purposes. Navigation database prices do not include optional bundled or enhanced feature pricing unless specifically noted. For example, navigation database, plus terrain, traffic or other charts and maps can be covered in a one-time renewal, or annual subscription price depending on the avionics manufacturer. The aircraft or database supplier should be consulted for price quotes. Expenses shown vary depending on cockpit avionics equipment configurations and are approximated averages for in-production aircraft. Annual Cabin Services Costs These costs assume the aircraft is optioned with appropriate equipment at time of delivery from the factory. AirPower Software provided budgetary planning numbers for Swift Broadband, Ka/Ku, satellite TV and cabin/Iridium phone services. Estimated air-to-ground service costs are derived from published pricing where available. Cabin services except for air-to-ground and cabin/Iridium phone are applicable to aircraft Categories 4-6 due to suitable empennage and or vertical stabilizer antenna/radome solutions and suitable space for installation. Cabin services costs for activation, on-wing field labor support, aircraft crew training expense or ongoing technical support associated with troubleshooting complex satellite communications equipment and networks are not included. Many service providers offer a continuum of support services and should be contacted directly for information related to ongoing support and service activation. Annual Trip Support Costs Trip support costs are similar for all aircraft in a particular category, reflecting comparable aircraft capabilities and mission utilization. They include catering service, flight crew travel, international trip support, concierge, ground handling and landing/parking fees. For aircraft in Categories 5 and 6, 400 annual flight hour utilization rates were used to arrive at budgetary planning estimates. For Categories 1-4, 250 annual flight hour utilization rates were used. Mission durations vary, which resulted in a change in the way these costs were calculated for the 2022 Operations Planning Guide. Many operators elect to use a service provider in the case of concierge and international trip support due to complexities associated with overflight and landing permitting and other logistical arrangements. International trip support and concierge were not factored in for aircraft in Categories 1-4 unless otherwise noted, or if the aircraft had sufficient NBAA IFR range to justify a budgetary planning estimate. Operations Planning (Aircraft Acquisition) Selecting a new or replacement airplane can be a complex, daunting task, particularly for first-time buyers and those upgrading to a new platform. Acquisition planning involves a thorough operational needs review to ensure you purchase the right aircraft for your unique mission needs. Due Diligence: Michelle Wade, managing partner at Jetstream Aviation Law, cautions, “The due diligence portion of an aircraft acquisition is critically important, even in a limited supply of readily available quality aircraft environment that we’re seeing today.” To ensure you receive the aircraft value for which you negotiated, do not limit the scope of your due diligence just to close the purchase. Confirm the physical condition and title to the aircraft are satisfactory and work with your team to ensure the aircraft will meet your needs. Team Planning: Wade shares some key advice: “Assemble a team of subject matter experts including technical, operations, tax, legal, staffing and general consulting expertise in addition to the owner’s in-house business team. Using a robust team to create a complete acquisition plan that considers mission needs, utilization plans, business goals, tax laws and FAA regulations can avoid future problems.” Wade emphasized allowing sufficient time to accomplish all tasks associated with the acquisition, particularly in the current environment, and to “start your planning early, allowing sufficient time to research questions arising from unique business needs.” When asked for additional clarification, Wade advised: “Well-defined utilization information narrows the list of aircraft to consider, narrows the list of significant tax issues to address, and helps identify how FAA regulations will affect ownership and operation of new aircraft.” The answers to these questions will help clarify the intended utilization of the aircraft:
Tax Goals: Wade says this is an area where “particular attention needs to be paid. Missteps here can be costly. Defining tax goals is essential, including both federal and state tax factors. One significant decision in an owner’s federal tax planning includes whether to take a tax deduction for bonus depreciation. “Bonus depreciation may allow the owner to deduct a significant percentage of the purchase price on the owner’s tax return in the year of purchase; however, it is important to understand the impact of IRS bonus depreciation regulations on the planned flight operations.” Wade adds that “Significant flight hours for personal use, or business flights that also carry passengers traveling for non-business purposes, may negatively affect an anticipated bonus depreciation deduction. Planning with the entire team to address how to best satisfy tax goals and business goals while complying with FAA regulations can avoid unpleasant 11th-hour surprises. State sales and use tax, state property tax and the availability of any exemptions should be considered and will impact ownership planning and aircraft operations.” She urges teams to discuss planned operations and desired tax benefits early so any conflicts between business plans, tax laws and the FAA regulations are addressed early. Financing: Wade suggests identifying potential lenders and selecting one should happen several months before funds are needed. “It takes time to provide the required due diligence to the selected lender, obtain loan approval, review the loan documentation, and negotiate important business points into the loan documents while ensuring a smooth closing,” she says. Home Base Logistics: Depending on where the aircraft will be based, this planning element is critical to ensure an expensive asset is not parked on the ramp, unprotected. Wade further advises that the aircraft acquisition team should also identify the resources needed to support the new aircraft.
“The desired coverage limits must be balanced against insurance premium payments.
Purchase Agreement: For new aircraft, the manufacturer provides its standard sales agreement. Certain terms are not negotiable, but others can be revised to ensure a good delivery experience for everyone.
“Planning for the delivery when negotiating the purchase agreement can create an easier closing experience,” says Wade. In summary, there are many other details to be planned and executed when purchasing a new aircraft. The use of a team of experts is essential to avoid delays and unexpected surprises during the planning and purchasing process. Collaborating with such a team will significantly streamline your purchase and ensure the experience is a good one. General Abbreviations and annotations are used throughout the tables: “NA” means not available for a particular aircraft model; “—” means not applicable. Single Pilot (SP) certified aircraft will not include a salary for the captain or copilot in the Operations Planning Guide tables and assumes the aircraft is owner-flown unless otherwise noted due to insurance requirements or typical mission usage. “NP” signifies that the specific performance is not possible. “OC” means on condition.
A variety of fixed and variable costs, including cabin services such as connectivity, are included in the guide. Credit: Adobe Stock/Brian
Footnote Cirrus Aircraft offers the JetStream program, an all-inclusive operating-cost-per-flight-hour product that includes recurrent training, all scheduled and unscheduled maintenance, all subscriptions and more. Variable costs, which are normally included in JetStream, are broken out only for the purposes of calculating direct costs for each of the predefined ranges.
About AirPower Software Group Our mission is to provide the aviation marketplace with data and information necessary to make informed buying decisions and manage risk. AirPower offers advisory services on-demand. Our premier product, Aircraft Budget Analyzer, is used to perform flight department budgetary planning, side-by-side aircraft operating cost and performance comparisons including charter and leasing strategies, and solutions to aid in the identification of business aircraft suitable for various mission needs. AirPower Software conducts research and data collection related to aircraft operating costs for both in-production and out-of-production aircraft, primarily focused on fixed-wing, turbine-powered platforms, and a limited number of high-performance piston aircraft. For out-of-production aircraft data, contact AirPower Software at Support@Airpowersgi.com
